Which of the following are complications of upper GI endoscopy?

Upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy, while a generally safe procedure, can be associated with certain complications that are important for medical professionals to recognize. The correct response identifies the complications that are directly linked with upper GI endoscopy, which encompass cardiopulmonary complications, perforation, and even mortality.

Cardiopulmonary complications can arise due to sedation or underlying patient conditions, particularly in elderly patients or those with significant comorbidities. It is crucial for practitioners to monitor cardiovascular and respiratory status throughout the procedure.

Perforation is another serious complication that may occur during upper GI endoscopy. It refers to a tear in the wall of an organ, which can lead to the leakage of contents into the abdominal cavity, resulting in peritonitis and requiring surgical intervention.

Mortality, although rare, can occur as a result of procedural complications, underlying health issues, or improper management of complications that arise during or after an endoscopic procedure.

In contrast, other options pertain to complications that are generally not associated with upper GI endoscopy. For instance, peptic ulcers and reflux are common conditions that may be evaluated during an endoscopy but are not complications of the procedure itself. Similarly, pancreatitis and gallbladder inflammation are complications related to